CAT Reading Comprehension > Culture PYQs

European colonists allowed children of native speakers to stay at home with theirfamilies.

the colonial government was unable to mainstream the locals.

locals were provided job opportunities in the colonial administration.

not many native speakers were killed by European colonists.

Most liberal arts students will pursue jobs in publishing and human resource management rather than doctorates in linguistics.

A liberal arts education requires that, in addition to being fluent in English, students gain fluency in two of the top five most spoken languages globally.

Schools that teach endangered languages can preserve the language only for a generation.

Recording a dying language that has only a few remaining speakers freezes it in time: it stops evolving further.

The Inuits of Alaska have 35 different words to describe the texture of snow. When the language becomes extinct, we will lose that understanding of nature.

The Lamkangs of Manipur have only 3 remaining native speakers of the language. When they die, we will lose one more group from the government list of indigenous tribes.

The Andamanese language has a word to describe someone who has lost a step-sister. When the language dies, we will lose the concept of the word and the emotions it evokes.

The Nicobarese language describes 20 different moods of the ocean. By the time the last speaker is educated in a Central Board school, they will have forgotten their language.

develop a better understanding of their own culture.

establish schools to preserve languages spiralling towards extinction.

overcome cultural barriers to communication.

learn different languages.

a looming cultural threat.

a unifying force.

filling an entertainment gap.

an economic threat.

Research shows there is a wide variance in the popularity and viewing of Netflix shows across different EU countries.

Research shows that Netflix has been gradually losing market share to other streaming television service providers.

Research shows that Netflix hits produced in France are very popular with North American audiences.

Research shows that older women across the EU enjoy watching romantic comedies on Netflix, whereas younger women prefer historical fiction dramas.

European television productions have the potential to become global hits.

national broadcasters dominate in the EU in terms of total television viewing hours.

only half of Netflix's original programming in the EU is now produced in America.

Netflix has been able to transform itself into a truly European entity.

An Italian comedy show hosted by an international star.

An original German TV science fiction production.

A murder mystery drama set in North Africa and France.

A trans-Atlantic romantic drama set in Europe and America.

several academic studies of human phenomena in the past involved racist interpretations.

agricultural practices changed drastically in the Australian continent after it was colonised.

while most human phenomena result from culture and individual choice, some have bio-geographic origins.

individual dictat and contingency were not the causal factors for the use of fur clothing in some very cold climates.

the importance they place on the role of individual decisions when studying human phenomena.

their outdated interpretations of past cultural and historical phenomena.

their labelling of geographic explanations as deterministic.

their rejection of the role of biogeographic factors in social and cultural phenomena.

belief in the central role of humans, unrelated to physical surroundings, in influencing phenomena.

disciplinary training which typically does not include technical knowledge of geography.

dismissal of explanations that involve geographical causes for human behaviour.

lingering impressions of past geographic analyses that were politically offensive.

how physical circumstances can dictate human behaviour and cultures.

how environmental factors lead to comparatively divergent paths in livelihoods and development

that despite geographical isolation, traditional societies were self-sufficient and adaptive.

human resourcefulness across cultures in adapting to their surroundings

The shutting down of the royal office of the Luparii.

The granting of a protected status to wolves in Europe.

An increase in woodlands and forest cover in Lozère.

A decline in the rural population of Lozère.

lack of educational facilities.

livestock losses.

poor rural communication infrastructure.

decline in the number of hunting licences.

environmentalists and politicians.

tourists and environmentalists.

politicians and farmers.

farmers and environmentalists.

The old mining sites of Lozère are now being used as grazing pastures for sheep.

Having migrated out in the last century, wolves are now returning to Lozère.

Unemployment concerns the residents of Lozère.

Wolf attacks on tourists in Lozère are on the rise.

show how Galbraith's theories refute Sahlins's thesis on the contentment of pre-hunter- gatherer communities.

document the influence of Galbraith's cynical views on modern consumerism on Sahlins's analysis of pre-historic societies.

contrast the materialist nature of contemporary growth paths with the pacifist content ways of living among the foragers.

show how Sahlins's views complemented Galbraith's criticism of the consumerism and inequality of contemporary society.

that hunter-gatherer communities' subsistence-level techniques equipped them to survive well into contemporary times.

how pre-agrarian societies did not hamper the emergence of more advanced agrarian practices in contiguous communities.

how two vastly different ways of living and working were able to coexist in proximity for centuries.

that forager communities' lifestyles derived not from ignorance about alternatives, but from their own choice.

failure to supplement its thesis with robust empirical data.

outdated values regarding present-day foragers versus ancient foraging communities.

cursory treatment of the effects of racism and colonialism on societies.

critique of anthropologists who disparage the choices of foragers in today's society.

put forth the view that, despite egalitarian origins, economic progress brings greater inequality and social hierarchies.

hold a mirror to an acquisitive society, with examples of other communities that have chosen successfully to be non-materialistic.

counter Galbraith's pessimistic view of the inevitability of a capitalist trajectory for economic growth.

highlight the fact that while we started off as a fairly contented egalitarian people, we have progressively degenerated into materialism.

The differences between urban and rural lifestyles were crucial factors in the disruption experienced by migrants to American cities.

The failure to integrate in-migrants, along with social problems like poverty, was a significant reason for the rise in crime in American cities.

According to social disorganisation theory, fast-paced social change provides fertile ground for the rapid growth of crime.

According to social disorganisation theory, the social integration of African American migrants into Chicago was slower because they were less organised.

Chicago School; Native-born Whites; European immigrants; Poverty

Durkheim; Marx; Toennies; Shaw

Rapid population growth; Heavy industry; Segregation; Crime

Chicago School; Social organisation; Migration; Crime

Demographic transition in America in the twentieth century is strongly marked by an out-migration from rural areas.

Economists have found that throughout the twentieth century, the size of the labour force in America has always been largest in rural areas.

A population census conducted in 1952 showed that more Americans lived in rural areas than in urban ones.

The estimation of per capita income in America in the mid-twentieth century primarily required data from rural areas.

the best circumstances for crime to flourish are when there are severe racial disparities.

to prevent crime, it is important to maintain social order through maintaining social segregation.

according to European sociologists, crime in America is mainly in Chicago.

rapid population growth and demographic diversity give rise to social disorganisation that can feed the growth of crime

India's spiritualism served as a salve for European colonisers.

Orientalists' understanding of Indian history was linked to colonial concerns.

Indian texts influenced Orientalist scholars.

Orientalist scholarship influenced Indians.

India's culture has evolved over the centuries.

the Orientalist view of Asia fired the imagination of some Western poets.

Indian culture acknowledges the material aspects of life.

India became a colony although it matched the technical knowledge of the West.

Reading 18th century accounts by travellers to India to see how they viewed Indian life and culture of the time.

Studying artefacts excavated at a palace to understand the lifestyle of those who lived there.

Reading about the life of early American settlers and later waves of migration to understand the evolution of American culture.

Analysing Hollywood action movies that depict violence and sex to understand contemporary America.

examine the complex reality of that nation's society.

develop an oppositional framework to grasp cultural differences.

read widely in the country's literature.

examine their own beliefs and biases.

the objective of best solutions in engineering has shifted the focus of pedagogy from humanism and social obligations to technological perfection.

engineering students today are trained to be non-subjective in their reasoning as this best enables them to develop much-needed universal solutions.

technical-social dualism has emerged as a technique for engineering students to incorporate social considerations into their technical problem-solving processes.

engineering students today are taught to focus on objective technical outcomes, independent of the social dimensions of their work.

"But those technical ideals are at their core social and political choices determined by a dominant culture focused on economic growth for the most privileged segments of society."

"Beyond physical failings, subjective beliefs treated as facts by those in decision-making roles can encode social inequities."

"And we hardly question whether devices are built sustainably, which has led to a crisis of medical waste and health care accounting for 10 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions."

"These racially based adjustments are derived from research done by eugenicists who thought these racial differences were biologically determined and who considered nonwhite people as inferior."

neglect of research and development of medical technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that typically afflict marginalised communities.

exclusion of non-privileged groups in clinical trials which leads to incorrect drug dosages.

incorrect assignment of people as female at birth which has resulted in faulty drug interventions.

continuing calibration of medical devices based on past racial biases that have remained unadjusted for changes.

making considerations of environmental sustainability intrinsic to the development of technological solutions.

moving towards technical-social dualism where social community needs are incorporated in problem-definition and solutions.

design that is based on the needs of communities using local knowledge and responding to local priorities.

a more responsible approach to technical design and problem-solving than a focus on speed in developing and bringing to scale.

Humans; Musicking; Linguistic capacities; Symbol-making; Modern humanity.

Musicking; Cognitive psychology; Antique; Symbol-makers; Modernity.

Humans; Psychological vantage; Musicking; Cassirer; Emergence of music.

Humans; Capacities; Language; Symbols; Modernity

20,000 years ago, human musical capacities were not very different from what they are today.

Anyone who can perceive and experience music must be considered capable of musicking.

All musical work is located in the overlap between linguistic capacity and music production.

Although musicking is not language-like, it shares the quality of being a form of expression.

Musical capacities are primarily socio-cultural, which explains the wide diversity of musical forms.

As musicking is neither language-like nor symbol-like, it is a much older form of expression.

Nonmusical capacities are of far greater consequence to human survival than the capacity for music.

From a cognitive and psychological vantage, musicking arises from unconscious dispositions, not conscious ones.

A bald statement is one that is trailed by a series of qualifying clarifications and caveats.

Although there may be many caveats and other considerations, the statement is essentially true.

Thinking beyond qualifications allows us to give free reign to musical expressions.

A bald statement is one that requires no qualifications to infer its meaning.

Human beings conceptualise the Undead as possessing abnormal features.

The natural attributes of the Undead are rendered abnormal by changing their status.

The Undead are deified in nature's order by giving them divine attributes.

According the Undead an abnormal status is to reject the natural order of things.

the relationship between Shamans and the Undead was believed to be a strong and stable one.

the transition from the Middle Ages to the Age of Enlightenment saw new theories of the Undead.

the growing sophistication of Mankind meant that humans stopped believing in the Undead.

the Undead remained vague and ill-defined, even as Mankind strove to understand the horror they inspired.

Long ago, eerie creatures used to whisper in the primal darkness that they were not quite dead.

Mankind's primal years were marked by creatures alive with eerie whispers, but seen only in the darkness.

Mankind's early years were marked by a belief in the existence of eerie creatures that were neither quite alive nor dead.

We can understand the lives of the eerie creatures in Mankind's early years through their whispers in the darkness.

The writer describes the ways in which the Undead come to be associated with Shamans and the practice of magic.

The writer discusses the transition from primitive thinking to the Age of Enlightenment.

The passage describes the failure of human beings to fully comprehend their environment.

The passage discusses the evolution of theories of the Undead from primitive thinking to the Age of Enlightenment.

A 20th century Japanese Buddhist monk would value a reconstructed shrine as the original.

A 21st century Christian scientist is likely to oppose cloning because of his philosophical orientation.

A 17th century British painter would have no problem adding personal touches when restoring an ancient Roman painting.

A 17th century French artist who adhered to a Christian worldview would need to be completely true to the original intent of a painting when restoring it.

it discourages them from simultaneous displays of multiple copies of a painting.

it discourages them from making interventions in ancient art.

it allows regular employment for certain craftsmen.

it discourages them from carrying out human cloning

Pablo Picasso's photograph of Vincent van Gogh's original painting, printed to exactly the same scale.

Pablo Picasso's painting of Vincent van Gogh's original painting, bearing Picasso's signature.

Pablo Picasso's painting of Vincent van Gogh's original painting, identical in every respect.

Pablo Picasso's miniaturised, but otherwise faithful and accurate painting of Vincent van Gogh's original painting.

Both will one day be completely rebuilt.

Both are continually undergoing restoration.

Both were built as places of worship.

Both can be regarded as very old structures.

helped in safeguarding the identity of Indian nationalism.

was not as ideologically powerful as the inner/outer dichotomy

represented a continuation of age-old oppositions in Indian culture

constituted the premise of the ghar/bāhir dichotomy

Despite its spiritual superiority, Indian nationalism had to fight against colonial domination.

Despite its scientific and technological inferiority, Indian nationalism had to fight against colonial domination.

Despite its fight against colonial domination, Indian nationalism had to borrow from the coloniser in the spiritual sphere.

Despite its fight against colonial domination, Indian nationalism had to borrow from the coloniser in the material sphere

The colonial period saw the hybridisation of Indian culture in all realms as it came in contact with British/European culture.

Forces of colonial modernity played an important role in shaping anti-colonial Indian nationalism.

The Industrial Revolution played a crucial role in shaping the economic prowess of Britain in the eighteenth century.

Indian nationalists rejected the cause of English education for women during the colonial period.

Indian nationalist discourses provided an ideological principle of selection.

Indian nationalism's sophistication resided in its distinction of the material from the spiritual spheres.

Indian nationalist discourses reaffirmed traditional gender roles for Indian women.

Indian nationalism embraced the changes brought about by colonialism in Indian women's traditional gender roles.

while often pilloried, globalisation can, in fact, support linguistic revival.

efforts to integrate Welsh speakers in the English-speaking fold have been fruitless.

vulnerable languages can rebound with state effort.

languages can revive even after their speakers have gone through a “language shift”

an expanded state role in the preservation of languages

cultural homogenisation

greater multilingualism

"language shifts" across languages

they are repositories of traditional knowledge about the environment and culture

people are increasingly working on documenting these languages.

their vocabulary and grammatical constructs have been challenging to document.

they are in danger of being wiped out as most can only be transmitted orally

governments promoting certain languages over others

the focus on only a few languages as a result of widespread internet use

a catastrophic event that entirely eliminates a people and their culture.

people shifting away from their own language to study or work in another language

the anti-alcohol lobby as a substitute for the consumption of liquor.

tea drinkers lobbying for product diversity.

manufacturers who were pressing for duty-free imports

factories to instill sobriety in their labour

was marketed by a wide range of interest groups.

was actively encouraged by interest groups in the government

appealed to a universal group and not just to a niche section of people

had an actual beneficial effect on social interaction and society in general

tea drinking has become a social ritual worldwide

the ritual of drinking tea promotes congeniality and camaraderie

tea drinking was sometimes promoted as a patriotic duty

tea became the leading drink in Britain in the nineteenth century

ergonomically designed products

sustainably farmed foods

travel to pristine destinations

natural health supplements.

A futuristic society that perceives robots to be persons as well as robots because of their similarity to humans.

A tribe that perceives plants as person-plants because they form an ecosystem and are marked by needs of nutrition.

A tribe that perceives its hunting weapons as sacred person-arte facts because of their significance to its survival.

A tribe that perceives its utensils as person-utensils in light of their functionality and bodily needs.

They understood the stone implement and the incense burner in a purely human form.

They believed that animals like cats and dogs that live in proximity to humans have a more clearly articulated personhood

They depicted their human healers with physical attributes of local medicinal plants.

While they believed in the personhood of objects and plants, they did not believe in the personhood of rivers and animals.

The example complicates the nonbinary understanding of personhood by bringing in the sacred, establishing the porosity of the divine and the profane.

The example adds a new layer to the nonbinary understanding of personhood by bringing in a third category that shares a similar relation with the previous two.

The example provides an exception to the nonbinary understanding of person hood that the passage had hitherto established.

The example adds a new layer to the nonbinary understanding of personhood by bringing in a third category that shares a dissimilar relation with the previous two.

The clay incense burner with spiky appliques was categorised only as a person and not as a tree by the Classic Maya.

Unlike modern societies equipped with mobile phones, the Classic Maya did not have any communicating objects

The personhood of the incense burner and the stone chopper was a function of their usefulness to humans.

Classic Maya songs represent both humans and non-living objects as characters, talking and interacting with each other.

decreased surveillance of the high seas.

the growth in international shipping with globalisation.

the high rewards via ransoms for successful piracy attempts.

colonialism's disruption of historic ties among countries.

indignant, at the scale of wealth successful pirates could amass in medieval times.

ironic, about the reasons why so many took to piracy in medieval times.

analytical, to explain the contrasts between peasant and pirate life in medieval England.

facetious, about the hardships of peasant life in medieval England.

Vasco da Gama and the East India Company laid the ground for modern piracy.

Lehr does not assign adequate blame to empire builders for their past deeds.

the disorganised piracy of today is no match for the organised piracy of the past.

colonialism should be considered an organised form of piracy.

through the extensive deployment of technology to track ships and cargo

through lucrative welfare schemes to improve the lives of people in affected regions.

if we eliminate poverty and income disparities in affected regions.

through international cooperation in enforcing stringent deterrents

Socially existing beings cannot be analysed, unlike the art of Michelangelo or Leonardo which can.

Michelangelo or Leonardo cannot be subjected to social analysis because of their genius.

Social analytical accounts of people like Michelangelo or Leonardo cannot explain their genius.

No analyses exist of Michelangelo's or Leonardo's social accounts

visual culture is not just about how we see, but also about how our visual practice scan impact and change the world.

artifacts are meaningful precisely because they help to construct the meanings of the world for us.

understanding the structures of perception is an important part of understanding how visual cultures work.

studying visual culture requires institutional structures without which the structures of perception cannot be analysed

Images are meaningful visual experiences when they have a foundation of covenants seeing them.

Sight becomes a meaningful visual experience because of covenants of meaningfulness that we establish with the images we see.

The way we experience sight is through images operated on by meaningful covenants.

Sight as a meaningful visual experience is possible when there is a foundational condition established in images of covenants.

Imagery, Visual Practices, Life worlds, Structures of Perception.

Visual Construction of Reality, Work of Genius, Ethnography, Epiphenomena

Scholars, Social Analysis, Michelangelo and Leonardo, Interpretive Devices

Visual Culture, Aesthetic Value, Lay Audience, Visual Experience.

Phenomena amenable to analysis.

Visual phenomena of epic proportions.

Overarching collections of images

Phenomena supplemental to the evidence

Language is insufficient to bridge cultural barriers.

Linguistic politics can be erased.

Empathy can overcome identity politics.

Orientalism cannot be practiced by Egyptian.

The author would encourage the ethnographer and recommend him/her to hire a good translator for the purpose of

holding interviews.

The author would discourage the ethnographer from conducting the study as Nigerian ethnographers can better

understand the tribe.

The author would encourage the ethnographer, but ask him/her to be mindful of his/her racial and gender identity in the

process.

The author would encourage the ethnographer, but ask him/her to first learn the language of the Nigerian tribe s/he

wishes to study.

Language's ability to mediate the impact of identity markers one is born with.

Language's intrinsic connection to our notions of self and identity.

The twists and turns in the evolution of language over time.

The ups and downs involved in the course of learning a language.

Goodwill alone mitigates cultural hierarchies and barriers.

Orientalism is a discourse of the past, from colonial times, rarely visible today.

Globalisation has mitigated cultural hierarchies and barriers.

Learning another language can mitigate cultural hierarchies and barriers.

do not consider cities to be eco-friendly places

do not regard cities as good places to live in

regard cities as places of disease and crime

consider cities to be very crowded and polluted

offer employment opportunities

have suburban areas as well as office areas

help prevent destruction of the environment

contribute to the cultural transformation of residents

explain where cities source their labour for factories

describe the infrastructure efficiencies of living in a city

explain how urban areas help the environment

promote cities as employment hubs for people

they sort out garbage

they recycle material

their streets are kept clean

their transportation is energy efficient

Sorting through rubbish contributes to the rapid spread of diseases in the slums

The high density of cities leads to an increase in carbon dioxide and global warming

The compactness of big cities in the West increases the incidence of violent crime

Over the last decade the cost of utilities has been increasing for city dwellers

the pervasive influence of folk on contemporary art, culture, and fashion.

that despite its archaic origins, folk continues to remain a popular tradition

that what was once derided as genteel is now considered revolutionary.

that what is once regarded as radical in folk, can later be seen as conformist

Even though it led to folk-rock's golden age, it wasn't entirely free from critique

It reinforced Cecil Sharp's observation about folk's constant transformation

Freedom and rebellion were popular themes during the second wave of folk revivalism

Electrification of music would not have happened without the influence of rock music

it has been arrogated for various political and cultural purposes

of its nostalgic association with a pre-industrial past.

folk is a sonic "shabby chic" with an antique veneer

the notion of folk has led to several debates and disagreements

paradoxically, folk forms are both popular and unpopular

that British folk forms can be traced to the remote past of the country.

the fluidity of folk forms owing to its history of oral mode of transmission.

that British folk continues to have traces of pagan influence from the dark ages.

The plurality and democratising impulse of folk forms emanate from the improvisation that its practitioners bring to it.

Folk forms, in their ability to constantly adapt to the changing world, exhibit an unusual poise and homogeneity with each change.

The power of folk resides in its contradictory ability to influence and be influenced by the present while remaining rooted in the past.

Folk forms, despite their archaic origins, remain intellectually relevant in contemporary times.

The tendency of many cultures to represent their land as "motherland" or "fatherland" may be seen as an expression of their topophilia

Scientists have found that most creatures, including humans, are either born with or cultivate a strong sense of topography.

The French are not overly patriotic, but they will refuse to use English as far as possible, even when they know it well.

Nomadic societies are known to have the least affinity for the lands through which they traverse because they tend to be topophobic.

to signify feelings of fear or anxiety towards topophilic people.

as a metaphor expressing the failure of the homeland to accommodate non-citizens

to represent a feeling of dread towards particular spaces and places

to signify the fear of studying the complex discipline of topography.

The deep anomie of modern urbanisation led to new urbanism's intricate sense of place

Philosopher-architects are uniquely suited to develop topophilic design.

People's responses to their environment are usually subjective and so cannot be rendered in design

Architects have to objectively quantify spaces and hence cannot be topophilic

sensitive response to race and class problems in upscale residential developments

manner in which environments are designed to minimise the social exclusion of their clientele

introduction of nationalist projects by such elites to produce a sense of dread or topophobia

social exclusivism practised by such residents in order to enforce a sense of racial or class superiority

Generally speaking, in a given culture, the ties of the people to their environment vary little in significance or intensity.

New Urbanism succeeded in those designs where architects collaborated with their clients.

The most important, even fundamental, response to our environment is our tactile and olfactory response.

Patriotism, usually seen as a positive feeling, is presented by the author as a darker form of topophilia.

contain spaces that enable people to meet and share new ideas.

expose people to different and novel ideas, because they are home to varied groups of people.

provide the financial and institutional networks that enable ideas to become reality.

provide access to cultural activities that promote new and creative ways of thinking.

people need social contact rather than isolation to nurture their creativity

institutions created to promote creativity eventually stifle it

the larger the creative population in a city, the more likely it is to be stifled

large bureaucracies and institutions are the inevitable outcome of successful cities

social interaction is necessary to nurture creativity

creativity and ideas are gradually declining in all societies

the creativity divide is widening in societies in line with socio-economic trends

more people should work in jobs that engage their creative faculties

have to struggle to retain their creativity

have to 'squelch' unproductive people and promote creative ones

have leaders and institutions that do not block creativity

typically do not start off as creative hubs

as they get older, children usually learn to be more creative

schooling today does not encourage creative thinking in children

the more children learn, the less creative they become

technology today prevents children from being creative.

people who work with their hands are not doing creative work.

more than half the population works in non-creative jobs.

only artists, musicians., writers., and so on should be valued in a society.

most cities ignore or waste the creativity of low-wage workers

It questions on explanation about how maps are designed.

It corrects a misconception about the way maps are designed.

It critiques a methodology used to create maps

It explores some myths about maps

North was the source of darkness

South was favoured by some emperors.

East and south were more important for religious reasons for some civilisations

East was considered by some civilisations to be a more positive direction

The Chinese invented the compass and were aware of magnetic north.

They wanted to show respect to the emperor.

The Chinese emperor appreciated the winds from the south.

North was considered the most desirable direction.

Set the precedent for north-up maps.

Navigated by the compass.

Used an eastward orientation for religious reasons.

Navigated with the help of early maps

The biggest contributory factor was the understanding of magnetic north

The biggest contributory factor was the role of European explorers

The biggest contributory factor was the influence of Christian maps

The biggest contributory factor is not stated in the passage

early Egyptian maps

early Islamic maps

early Chinese maps

early Christian maps

the closure of mails has affected the economic and social life of middle-class America

the advantages of malls outweigh their disadvantages.

malls used to perform a social function that has been lost

malls are closing down because people have found alternate ways to shop.

To highlight the irony of the situation

To indicate that mails and distribution centres are located in the same area

To show that Amazon is helping certain brands go online

To indicate that the shopping habits of the American middle class has changed.

took brand-name anchor outlets to court

no longer pursue brand name hanger outlets

malls are closing down because people have found alternate ways to shop.

collaborated with one another to get brand-name anchor outlets

people of all ages and from all walks of life went there

people could shop as well as eat in one place

it was a commercial space as well as a gathering place.

it sold things that were needed as well as those that were not.

Malls did not bar anybody from entering the space

Mails were a great place to shop for a huge section of the middle class

Malls were a hangout place where families grew close to each other

Malls were a great place for everyone to gather and interact.

evoke memories by painting a. picture of mails

describe the smells and sights of mails

emphasise that all brands were available under one roof.

show that malls smelt good because of the various stores and food court.