We need to find the main argument the author is making about evolution theories. Let us trace through step by step. The passage starts with mice inheriting learned fears -> this challenges traditional views -> then discusses how modern biology combines Darwin + Mendel -> but says evolution is actually more complex with epigenetics and culture. From passage: "Yet new evidence from genomics, epigenetics and developmental biology indicates that evolution is more complex than we once assumed." The author's process: Traditional Darwin-Mendel view is dominant but incomplete -> New evidence shows additional factors (epigenetics, culture, parental effects) -> Evolution involves multiple influences, not just genes and natural selection.

Students often get confused between options 2 and 3 here. The key is: What is the author actually arguing? 🔴 Option 1 -> contradicts passage -> Says Darwin-Mendel theories are best, but passage argues they're incomplete and evolution is "more complex than we once assumed" 🟢 Option 2 -> matches main argument -> Author shows Darwin's natural selection alone can't explain everything (needs epigenetics, culture, parental effects too) 🔴 Option 3 -> overstates Wilson's role -> Wilson only provided a metaphor about genetic leash that author then revised. Passage doesn't present Wilson as having a superior evolutionary theory, just a useful comparison 🔴 Option 4 -> irrelevant focus -> Passage doesn't argue Mendel is underestimated; it says the whole Darwin-Mendel synthesis needs expanding From passage: "All this complexity points to an evolutionary process" involving multiple factors beyond traditional genetics. The author argues evolution requires more than just Darwin's natural selection -> it needs epigenetics + culture + parental effects working together.

CAT (VARC) PYQs

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