We need to identify what the author's main stance is about renewable energy systems. From passage: "But renewables need to be further scrutinized before being championed as forging a path toward a low-carbon future. Both the direct and indirect impacts of renewable energy must be examined to ensure that a climate-smart future does not intensify social and environmental harm." The author starts by saying renewables seem like a straightforward choice -> but then says wait, we need to look more carefully -> lists multiple problems like environmental costs, social harm, mining issues, electronic waste, and profitability concerns. So the author definitely has reservations (doubts/concerns) about renewable energy systems.

🔴 Option 1 -> scope-error -> talks about non-renewable energy systems, but the entire paragraph focuses only on renewable energy problems. The author never mentions non-renewables. 🔴 Option 2 -> irrelevant -> mentions efficiency comparison between renewable vs non-renewable, but the paragraph doesn't compare efficiency at all. It's about social and environmental consequences. 🔴 Option 3 -> degree-error -> says only reservation is profitability, but the author lists multiple concerns: environmental harm, social costs, mining issues, electronic waste and profitability. The word "only" makes this wrong. 🟢 Option 4 -> correct -> perfectly captures that the author has reservations (concerns/doubts) about the consequences (results/effects) of renewable energy systems. This matches exactly what the paragraph shows.

CAT (VARC) PYQs

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